| |
|
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| Membrane Autopsy
|
 |
| The membrane is cut open and representative samples taken for analysis. Detailed recording of the element structure and position of deposits is carried out to enable a complete report to be produced. |
|
|
 |
| |
 |
|
| Microscopy |
|
| Samples are prepared and scanning electron microscopy used to determine the chemical composition of deposits and condition of the membrane surface. |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| Microbial Analysis
|
|
| The presence and identification of bacteria, fungi and yeasts is determined using microscopy and plate count tests.
|
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| Deposit Analysis
|
|
| Different techniques are used to analyse deposits including: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), FTIR-spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction Analysis, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| Flat Sheet Test Rig
|
|
| The rig is used to determine the best product and conditions to carry out membrane cleaning. A protocol is designed which includes solution volume, soak times and recirculation rate. |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| Membrane Oxidation
|
|
| Methylene Blue and Fujiwara tests are carried out to determine if loss of salt rejection is due to chemical oxidation or physical damage to the membrane surface. |
|
|
 |
|
 |
